Financial Functions

Cash-flow signs follow the usual convention: money paid and money received should have opposite signs.

FV(rate, periods, payment [, present_value])

Returns future value after periods. present_value defaults to 0.

Example: FV(0.05, 10, -100, 0)

When rate is near zero, the engine uses -(present_value + payment * periods).

PV(rate, periods, payment [, future_value])

Returns present value. future_value defaults to 0.

Example: PV(0.05, 10, -100, 0)

When rate is near zero, the engine uses -(future_value + payment * periods).

PMT(rate, periods, present_value [, future_value])

Returns the periodic payment. future_value defaults to 0.

Example: PMT(0.05 / 12, 360, 300000, 0)

Returns 0 when periods is exactly zero. When rate is near zero, it uses -(future_value + present_value) / periods.

NPV(rate, cash_flow_1, cash_flow_2, ...)

Discounts the first supplied cash flow by one period, the second by two periods, and so on. Requires at least one cash flow after rate.

Example: NPV(0.08, 100, 120, 150)

The native calculation applies the discount formula directly; rates at or below -1 can therefore produce infinities or undefined intermediate values that the simulation output later sanitizes.

IRR(cash_flow_0, cash_flow_1, ...)

Returns the periodic rate whose net present value is approximately zero. Requires at least two cash flows.

Example: IRR(-1000, 300, 400, 500)

The engine uses an iterative numerical search; if it cannot obtain a usable solution, it returns its bounded best estimate rather than raising an equation error.